Notes

Outline

File Management Chapter 12

Files Used for input to a program Output of application saved in a file for long-term storage

Terms Used with Files Field basic element of data contains a single value characterized by its length and data type Record collection of related fields treated as a unit Example: employee record

Terms Used with Files File collection of similar records treated as a single entity have unique file names may restrict access Database collection of related data relationships exist among elements

File Management System The way a user of application may access files Programmer does not need to develop file management software

File System Software Architecture

Device Drivers Lowest level Communicates directly with peripheral devices Responsible for starting I/O operations on a device Processes the completion of an I/O request

Basic File System Physical I/O Deals with exchanging blocks of data Concerned with the placement of blocks Concerned with buffering blocks in main memory

Basic I/O Supervisor Responsible for file I/O initiation and termination Control structures are maintained Concerned with scheduling access to optimize performance Part of the operating system

Logical I/O Allows users and applications to access records Maintains basic data about file

Access Method Reflect different file structures Different ways to store and process data

Functions of File Management Identify and locate a selected file Use a directory to describe the location of all files plus their attributes On a shared system describe user access control Blocking for access to files Allocate files to free blocks Manage free storage for available blocks

File Directories Contains information about files attributes location ownership Directory itself is a file owned by the operating system Provides mapping between file names and the files themselves

Simple Structure for a Directory List of entries, one for each file Sequential file with the name of the file serving as the key Provides no help in organizing the files Forces user to be careful not to use the same name for two different files

Two-level Scheme for a Directory One directory for each user and a master directory Master directory contains entry for each user provides address and access control information Each user directory is a simple list of files for that user Still provides no help in structuring collections of files

Hierarchical, or Tree-Structured Directory Master directory with user directories underneath it Each user directory may have subdirectories and files as entries

Slide 17

Hierarchical, or Tree-Structured Directory Files can be located by following a path from the root, or master, directory down various branches this is the pathname for the file Can have several files with the same file name as long as they have unique path names

Hierarchical, or Tree-Structured Directory Current directory is the working directory Files are referenced relative to the working directory

File Sharing Way to control access to a particular file Users or groups of users are granted certain access rights to a file

Access Rights None user may not know of the existence of the file user is not allowed to read the user directory that includes the file Knowledge user can only determine that the file exists and who its owner is

Access Rights Execution the user can load and execute a program but cannot copy it Reading the user can read the file for any purpose, including copying and execution Appending the user can add data to the file but cannot modify or delete any of the file’s contents

Access Rights Updating the user can modify, deleted, and add to the file’s data.  This includes creating the file, rewriting it, and removing all or part of the data Changing protection user can change access rights granted to other users Deletion user can delete the file

Access Rights Owners has all rights previously listed may grant rights to others using the following classes of users specific user user groups all for public files

Simultaneous Access User may lock entire file when it is to be updated User may lock the individual records during the update Mutual exclusion and deadlock are issues for shared access

Record Blocking Methods - Fixed Blocking

Record Blocking Methods - Variable Blocking:Spanned

Record Blocking Methods - Variable Blocking:UnSpanned

Secondary Storage Management Space must be allocated to files Must keep track of the space available for allocation Space is allocated as one or more contiguous units or portions

Preallocation Need the maximum size for the file at the time of creation Difficult to reliably estimate the maximum potential size of the file Tend to overestimated file size so as not to run out of space

Portion Size Contiguity of space increases performance Large number of small portions increases the size of tables needed Fixed-size simplifies the reallocation of space Variable-size minimizes waste of unused storage

Methods of File Allocation Contiguous allocation single set of blocks is allocated to a file at the time of creation only a single entry in the file allocation table starting block and length of the file Fragmentation will occur Will become difficult to find contiguous blocks of sufficient length

Contiguous File Allocation

Methods of File Allocation Chained allocation allocation on basis of individual block each block contains a pointer to the next block in the chain only single entry in the file allocation table starting block and length of file No fragmentation Any free block can be added to the chain No accommodation of the principle of locality

Chained File Allocation

Methods of File Allocation Indexed allocation file allocation table contains a separate one-level index for each file the index has one entry for each portion allocated to the file the file allocation table contains block number for the index

Indexed Allocation with Block Portions

Indexed Allocation - Var Length Portions