Basic Components

Processor Model

   Digital Logic

   Data Representation

Data Representation (cont.)

Data Representation (cont.)

Data Representation (cont.)

Data Representation (cont.)

Data Representation (cont.)

Data Representation (cont.)

IEEE 754 Floating Point Storage

IEEE 754 Floating Point (cont.)

Characteristics of Floating Point Numbers

Characteristics of Floating Point Numbers (cont.)

Characteristics of Floating Point Numbers (cont.)

Intermediate Calculations

   Types of Memory

   Types of Memory
   (cont.)

   Types of Memory
   (cont.)

   Types of Memory
   (cont.)

   Caches

Memory Hierarchy

Caches:
Example Organization

    Cache Memory

    The Hit Ratio

   Locality of Reference

Disk Cache
(same principles)

Cache Coherency: Simple Example

   Caches (cont.)

   Caches: Pentium PC

   Caches: PowerPC

Input/Output Components

   I/O Module Structure

I/O Communication Techniques

   Programmed I/O

   Problem: I/O is slow!

   Interrupt-Driven I/O

   Direct Memory Access

Disks and Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Interrupt Controller Circuitry and Serving Interrupts

   Interrupt Handler

Simple Interrupt
Processing

Interrupts improve
CPU usage

   Classes of Interrupts

Multiple Interrupts: Sequential Order

Multiple Interrupts: Priorities

Multiprogramming

   Instruction Processing

    Fetch Step

Getting Started and Flags

   Instructions

   Instructions (cont.)

   Instructions (cont.)

Example: Logic for an Assembler Language Program