Basic Components
Processor Model
Digital Logic
Data Representation
Data Representation
(cont.)
Data Representation
(cont.)
Data Representation
(cont.)
Data Representation
(cont.)
Data Representation
(cont.)
Data Representation
(cont.)
IEEE 754 Floating Point
Storage
IEEE 754 Floating Point
(cont.)
Characteristics of
Floating Point Numbers
Characteristics of
Floating Point Numbers (cont.)
Characteristics of
Floating Point Numbers (cont.)
Intermediate Calculations
Types of Memory
Types of Memory
(cont.)
Types of Memory
(cont.)
Types of Memory
(cont.)
Caches
Memory Hierarchy
Caches:
Example Organization
Cache Memory
The Hit Ratio
Locality of Reference
Disk Cache
(same principles)
Cache Coherency: Simple
Example
Caches (cont.)
Caches: Pentium PC
Caches: PowerPC
Input/Output Components
I/O Module Structure
I/O Communication
Techniques
Programmed I/O
Problem: I/O is slow!
Interrupt-Driven I/O
Direct Memory Access
Disks and Direct Memory
Access (DMA)
Interrupt Controller
Circuitry and Serving Interrupts
Interrupt Handler
Simple
Interrupt
Processing
Interrupts improve
CPU usage
Classes of Interrupts
Multiple Interrupts:
Sequential Order
Multiple Interrupts:
Priorities
Multiprogramming
Instruction Processing
Fetch Step
Getting Started and Flags
Instructions
Instructions (cont.)
Instructions (cont.)
Example: Logic for an
Assembler Language Program