A router is an Intermediate System (IS) which operates at the network layer of the OSI reference model. Routers may be used to connect two or more IP networks, or an IP network to an internet connection.
A router consists of a computer with at least two network interface cards supporting the IP protocol. The router receives packets from each interface via a network interface and forwards the received packets to an appropriate output network interface. Received packets have all link layer protocol headers removed, and transmitted packets have a new link protocol header added prior to transmission.
The router uses the information held in the network layer header (i.e. IP header) to decide whether to forward each received packet, and which network interface to use to send the packet. Most packets are forwarded based on the packet IP destination address, along with routing information held within the router in a routing table. Before a packet is forwarded, the processor checks the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of the specified interface. Packets larger than the interface MTU must be fragmented by the router into two or more smaller packets. If a packet is received which has the Don't Fragment (DF) bit set in the packet header, the packet is not fragmented, but instead discarded. In this case, an ICMP error message is returned to the sender (i.e. to the original packet IP source address) informing it of the interface MTU size. This forms the basis for Path MTU discovery (PMTU).
The routing and filter tables resemble similar tables in link layer bridges and switches. Except, that instead of specifying link hardware addresses (MAC addresses), the router table specify network (IP addresses). The routing table lists known IP destination addresses with the appropriate network interface to be used to reach that destination. A default entry may be specified to be used for all addresses not explicitly defined in the table. A filter table may also be used to ensure that unwanted packets are discarded. The filter may be used to deny access to particular protocols or to prevent unauthorised access from remote computers by discarding packets to specified destination addresses.
A router forwards packets from one IP network to another IP network. Like other systems, it determines the IP network from the logical AND of an IP address with the associated subnetwork address mask. One exception to this rule is when a router receives an IP packet to a network broadcast address. In this case, the router discards the packet. Forwarding broadcast packet can lead to severe storms of packets, and if uncontrolled could lead to network overload.
A router introduces delay (latency) as it processes the packets it receives. The total delay observed is the sum of many components including:
The router queue of packets waiting to be sent also introduces a potential cause of packet loss. Since the router has a finite amount of buffer memory to hold the queue, a router which receives packets at too high a rate may experience a full queue. In this case, the router has no other option than to simply discard excess packets. If required, these may later be retransmitted by a transport protocol.
Routers are often used to connect together networks which use different types of links (for instance an HDLC link connecting a WAN to a local Ethernet LAN). The optimum (and maximum) packet lengths (i.e. the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)) is different for different types of network. A router may therefore uses IP to provide segmentation of packets into a suitable size for transmission on a network.
Associated protocols perform network error reporting (ICMP), communication between routers (to determine appropriate routes to each destination) and remote monitoring of the router operation (network management).
http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry Date: 10/11/1995 Revised: 7/10/2003